We first wrote about Hauser's Law in 2009. At the time, we described it as "one of the stranger phenomenons in economic data". The law itself was proposed by W. Kurt Hauser in 1993, who observed:

No matter what the tax rates have been, in postwar America tax revenues have remained at about 19.5% of GDP.

In 2009, we found total tax collections the U.S. government averaged 17.8% of GDP in the years from 1946 through 2008, with a standard deviation of 1.2% of GDP. Six years later, we revisited it once again and found that while the standard deviation was the same, average total tax collections from 1946 through 2018 was lowered to 16.8% of GDP because of 2013's comprehensive revision of GDP that significantly boosted historic GDP estimates after the basic GDP formula was redefined.

Seven years later, we're revisiting the historic data once again to see if it still holds. Spoiler alert: it does!

Here's a triple-set of charts to show off Hauser's Law in action!

Since we're now spanning 80 years worth of data, during which the U.S.' maximum income tax rate has ranged between 28% and 92% of income, we confirm once again that the U.S. government's total tax collections have averaged 16.8% with a standard deviation of 1.2% of GDP from 1946 through 2025. If you know your normal distribution bell curve from statistics, that means over 99% of the U.S. government's total tax collections from 1946 through 2026 would be expected to fall between 13.2% and 20.4% of GDP, which they have.

The pattern also holds true for U.S. personal income tax collections, although here, the average is 7.7% of GDP and the standard deviation is 0.8% of GDP.

What all these numbers mean is that the U.S. government's tax collections have been remarkably stable as a percent of GDP, or the national income, over the last eight decades, regardless of how the top income tax rate has been set. We think that represents a political equilibrium, especially as higher rates of tax collections have not been able to be sustained.

There are just four periods where tax collections rose more than one standard deviation above the mean level, none of which proved to be sustainable.

1. In 1968, the Democratic U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passed a shock 10% income surtax that took effect in mid-year, spiking the top tax rate from 70% to 77% and increasing the amount collected from top income tax earners by an additional 10%. Coupled with a spike in inflation, for which personal income taxes were not adjusted to compensate, this tax hike led to outsize income tax collections in that year.
2. The sustained high inflation of 1978 (7.62%), 1979 (11.22%), 1980 (13.58%) and 1981 (10.35%) led to higher tax collections through bracket creep, as income tax brackets in the U.S. were not adjusted for inflation until 1985 as part of President Ronald Reagan's first term Economic Recovery Tax Act.
3. Beginning in April 1997, a cut in the capital gains tax rate caused the Dot Com Stock Market Bubble to being inflating. As it expanded, the bubble minted a large number of new millionaires as investors swarmed to participate in Internet and "tech" company initial public offerings or private capital ventures, which in turn, inflated personal income tax collections. Unfortunately, like the vaporware produced by many of the companies that sprang up to exploit the investor buying frenzy, the illusion of prosperity could not be sustained and tax collections crashed with the incomes of the Internet titans in the bursting of the bubble, leading to the recession that followed. It eventually came to an end in 2003 after the capital gains tax rate was increased to be equal to the dividend tax rate once again.
4. In 2022, tax collections spiked with the recovery from the coronavirus pandemic after government-mandated lockdowns and restrictions on businesses were lifted.

There's one final piece of the puzzle we haven't tackled, and that's why the U.S. national debt has grown so large even as federal tax collections have been so relatively stable. Here we find three factors that have contributed to its growth:

1. The launch of Medicare in 1965 coincides with a period in which government spending no longer drops below the long-term average of tax collections. Before Medicare was passed into law, government spending only surged above that level when wars were fought, dropping back to pre-war levels after they ended. World War 2 is a classic example, with its drawdown in spending taking place in the years after it ended in 1945. The 1980s Cold War defense buildup also shows the same pattern, with spending returning to pre-buildup levels as a percent of GDP in the 1990s as a peace dividend.
2. The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 led to massive bailouts by the U.S. government. Even though that crisis ended, spending failed to return to its pre-crisis level because President Obama's Affordable Care Act permanently inflated the government's spending from 2014 onward.
3. The Coronavirus Pandemic of 2020 led to massive government subsidies to offset the impact of the extreme economic disruption caused by state and local government lockdowns. However, two Biden administration initiatives combined to permanently inflate government spending above their pre-crisis levels: the American Recovery Act with its inflationary impact and the cynically-named Inflation Reduction Act that further boosted spending. These two initiatives kept government spending elevated at levels far above what the U.S. government can reasonably expect to collect in taxes based on the last 80 years of experience.

And that, in a nutshell, is why the U.S. government has gone from running mostly balanced budgets in the years before 1965 to running consistently in the red in the years since with few exceptions. The upward ratcheting of government spending in the years since 1965, and particularly since 2008 to levels far above what the U.S. government is capable of sustaining through its stable tax collections is why the national debt has grown to exceed $40 trillion.

Previously on Political Calculations

• Hauser's Law (2009)
• Is Hauser's Law Still Valid? (2011)
• Hauser's Law, Updated for 2019
• Hauser's Law in Action: 1946-2025